How to Read an Earnings Report: Beats, Misses, Guidance
A step-by-step guide to a public company’s earnings report — the three statements, beats vs misses, GAAP vs non-GAAP, and what guidance really tells you.
investing basics
Stock Splits Explained: Forward, Reverse, and What They Do
How stock splits work, why NVIDIA and Chipotle did them, and when a reverse split signals distress. Real numbers, no jargon.
WACC Explained: The Weighted Average Cost of Capital
WACC is the blended hurdle rate a company must earn on its investments. Learn the formula, a worked example, and the mistakes that break the number.
Price-to-Book Ratio Explained: When Book Value Matters
P/B compares stock price to the accounting value of a company’s net assets. How to calculate it, why it works for banks, and when book value misleads.
Iron Condor Explained: How the 4-Leg Trade Actually Works
A plain-English guide to iron condors: the four legs, breakevens, max profit and loss, a worked example, and when the trade blows up.
Free Cash Flow Explained: FCF, FCFE, and FCFF
Free cash flow: what operating cash flow minus CapEx actually tells you, plus how FCFE and FCFF differ, with Apple, Microsoft, and Alphabet numbers.
Preferred Stock vs Common Stock: What’s the Difference?
Preferred stock vs common stock: voting rights, dividend priority, liquidation order, cumulative vs non-cumulative, and where preferreds fit.
The Yield Curve: Shape, Inversion, and What It Predicts
How the U.S. Treasury yield curve works, why its shape matters, what inversion has and hasn’t predicted, and how to read today’s curve.
Covered Calls Explained: How They Work and When They Don’t
A plain-English guide to covered calls: mechanics, payoff, breakeven, a real worked example, when the strategy earns its premium, and when it costs you.
Payment for Order Flow (PFOF): How Free Trades Work
Payment for order flow (PFOF) is how zero-commission brokers get paid. Here’s exactly who pays whom, what Rule 606 discloses, and why regulators disagree about it.