Sharpe Ratio Explained: Measuring Risk-Adjusted Returns
How the Sharpe ratio works: the formula, a worked example, common pitfalls, and why William Sharpe himself warned against trusting a single number.
portfolio risk
Beta, Alpha, and CAPM: What They Actually Measure
Beta measures how a stock moves with the market. CAPM converts that risk into a required return. Alpha is what’s left over. Here is what each really means, with verified data.