The Sharpe Ratio Explained: Formula, Uses, and Traps
Sharpe ratio, made simple: the formula, a worked example, long-run values for stocks, bonds, and Berkshire, and the traps that make it lie.
risk-adjusted returns
Sortino Ratio Explained: Why Downside Risk Beats Sharpe
The Sortino ratio measures returns per unit of downside risk, not total volatility. Here is the formula, a worked example, and when to use it.
Sharpe Ratio Explained: Measuring Risk-Adjusted Returns
How the Sharpe ratio works: the formula, a worked example, common pitfalls, and why William Sharpe himself warned against trusting a single number.